Vaccine hesitancy and antibiotic overuse exist side-by-side in the same population of young children, and it is unclear why one modality (antibiotics) is universally seen as safe and effective, while the other (vaccines) is seen as potentially hazardous by some. Meanwhile, the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, especially in young children, have led to increasing rates of drug resistance that threaten our ability to treat infectious diseases. In the United States, the number of children exempt from vaccination for “philosophical belief-based” non-medical reasons increased in 12 of the 18 states that allowed this policy from 2009 to 2017 ( 1). This has implications for the acceptance and coverage of a potential vaccine against COVID-19. 7Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Washington, DC, United Statesĭespite vast improvements in global vaccination coverage during the last decade, there is a growing trend in vaccine hesitancy and/or refusal globally.6Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States. 5Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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